英文關鍵字
：
Elderly;Woman;Economic status;Poverty;Old age pension;Social security
摘要
：
老年婦女兼有「老年」及「女性」雙重弱勢的身分,使她們容易陷入經濟不安全的狀況。在美國老年婦女的平均收入只有男性的56%;他們比老年男性有更高的貧窮率(16% vs. 12.4%),且她們比其他人口群體更不易脫離貧窮。台灣老年婦女多數擔任無酬家庭工作,或代工、兼職等工作,未能受到社會安全制度的保障;或因家庭照顧責任,就業呈不連續性,致影響退休福利;其日常生活比老年男性更加依賴子女的供給(68.9% vs. 38.1%),充滿不穩定,其經濟現況很值得作進一步的探討。 本研究以行政院主計處84年家庭收支調查資料,計包含台灣地區樣本16,434戶為對象,採次級資料分析,對台灣地區老年婦女的經濟現況進行實證性的研究,了解老年婦女的經濟現況,其經濟來源,與老年男性作比較,並瞭解其接受政府所得移轉的情況,及淪為貧窮的比率。作為我國制定保障老年婦女經濟安全的所得維持方案及社會安全制度的參考,以對老年婦女提供適切的經濟上的保障。 本研究結果發現:老年婦女的平均收入為老年男性的63.6%。其中老年婦女最主要的經濟來源是經常性移轉收入(42.59%),其次是財產所得收入(19.92%)。經常性移轉收入主要以私人移轉收入為主(80.12%),約為老年婦女收入的34.13%;政府移轉收入只佔經常性移轉收入的14.34%左右,約為老年婦女收入的6.11%。 而老年婦女淪為貧窮的比率,以我國官方貧窮線標準來看,約有10.26%的老年婦女收入低於貧窮線,採用相同的標準,只有4.84%的老年男性會淪為為貧窮;7.2%的一般老人會成為貧窮家庭。故老年婦女淪為貧窮的比率為老年男性的2.12倍;為一般老人的1.4倍,亦即老年婦女易陷入貧窮。;This research conducts an empirical study of the economic status of elderly women in Taiwan. It is a secondary data analysis. The investigation is based on the 1995 Family Income and Expenditure Survey, a multi-purpose study of household income and expenditure patterns of all individuals residing in the Taiwan Area. Conducted annually by the Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, this survey has a sample rate about 0.387% of the national population and includes 16,434 households. This research seeks to understand the current economic status of elderly women, and how they fare with their counterparts (elderly men); their income sources, and how they differ with elderly men; the contribution of social welfare benefits to their average income; and how many elderly women live under the poverty line. With respect to the current economic status of elderly women, this research finds the average income of elderly women constitutes 63.6% of that of elderly men. Comparing with elderly men, the primary income sources of elderly women are transfer income (42.59%), property income (19.92%). Private transfers are the major source of income transfers (80.12%), which constitutes 34.13% of the average income of elderly women; governmental transfers account for 14.34% only, which constitutes 6.11% of the average income of elderly women. When the government poverty line is adopted, 10.26% of elderly women fall below the poverty line, which are approximately 2.12 times the ratio of elderly men, and 1.4 times the ratio of all the elderly. With these empirical research results, this study hope to shed some light for government's income maintenance policies to ensure the economic security of elderly women.
計畫摘要
：
老年婦女兼有「老年」及「女性」雙重弱勢的身分,使她們容易陷入經濟不安全的狀況。在美國老年婦女的平均收入只有男性的56%;他們比老年男性有更高的貧窮率(16% vs. 12.4%),且她們比其他人口群體更不易脫離貧窮。台灣老年婦女多數擔任無酬家庭工作,或代工、兼職等工作,未能受到社會安全制度的保障;或因家庭照顧責任,就業呈不連續性,致影響退休福利;其日常生活比老年男性更加依賴子女的供給(68.9% vs. 38.1%),充滿不穩定,其經濟現況很值得作進一步的探討。 本研究以行政院主計處84年家庭收支調查資料,計包含台灣地區樣本16,434戶為對象,採次級資料分析,對台灣地區老年婦女的經濟現況進行實證性的研究,了解老年婦女的經濟現況,其經濟來源,與老年男性作比較,並瞭解其接受政府所得移轉的情況,及淪為貧窮的比率。作為我國制定保障老年婦女經濟安全的所得維持方案及社會安全制度的參考,以對老年婦女提供適切的經濟上的保障。 本研究結果發現:老年婦女的平均收入為老年男性的63.6%。其中老年婦女最主要的經濟來源是經常性移轉收入(42.59%),其次是財產所得收入(19.92%)。經常性移轉收入主要以私人移轉收入為主(80.12%),約為老年婦女收入的34.13%;政府移轉收入只佔經常性移轉收入的14.34%左右,約為老年婦女收入的6.11%。 而老年婦女淪為貧窮的比率,以我國官方貧窮線標準來看,約有10.26%的老年婦女收入低於貧窮線,採用相同的標準,只有4.84%的老年男性會淪為為貧窮;7.2%的一般老人會成為貧窮家庭。故老年婦女淪為貧窮的比率為老年男性的2.12倍;為一般老人的1.4倍,亦即老年婦女易陷入貧窮。;This research conducts an empirical study of the economic status of elderly women in Taiwan. It is a secondary data analysis. The investigation is based on the 1995 Family Income and Expenditure Survey, a multi-purpose study of household income and expenditure patterns of all individuals residing in the Taiwan Area. Conducted annually by the Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, this survey has a sample rate about 0.387% of the national population and includes 16,434 households. This research seeks to understand the current economic status of elderly women, and how they fare with their counterparts (elderly men); their income sources, and how they differ with elderly men; the contribution of social welfare benefits to their average income; and how many elderly women live under the poverty line. With respect to the current economic status of elderly women, this research finds the average income of elderly women constitutes 63.6% of that of elderly men. Comparing with elderly men, the primary income sources of elderly women are transfer income (42.59%), property income (19.92%). Private transfers are the major source of income transfers (80.12%), which constitutes 34.13% of the average income of elderly women; governmental transfers account for 14.34% only, which constitutes 6.11% of the average income of elderly women. When the government poverty line is adopted, 10.26% of elderly women fall below the poverty line, which are approximately 2.12 times the ratio of elderly men, and 1.4 times the ratio of all the elderly. With these empirical research results, this study hope to shed some light for government's income maintenance policies to ensure the economic security of elderly women.