關鍵字：
男性護理人員;工作現況;需求分析;專業承諾;職場壓力;工作滿意度;全國性調查;性別分析
英文關鍵字
：
male nurse;work condition;need analysis;professional commitment;job stress;job satisfaction;national survey;gender analysis
摘要
：
隨著社會觀念及醫療需求的演變，男性加入護理專業已有一段歷史。過去研究多採片段、零星與小樣本進行研究；故需系統性、整體性與宏觀性的觀點去探討男性護理人員的工作現況及專業發展。本研究為一年型計畫，主在調查我國男性護理人員工作現況，主要發現依研究目的陳述如下：一、統整國外各國吸引男性成為護理人員的誘因、職場分析、專業承諾、職場壓力、工作滿意度、未來職業發展及其護理教育背景。而本研究之主要發現為：1.國外男性選擇護理多是因為：護理是個助人的事業、喜歡與人接觸、有較多的工作機會及具有較高的收入；國內早期是暫緩兵役及找工作容易；本研究結果則是：工作穩定、對護理有興趣和易找工作。2.職場分析顯示，各國男性護理人員比率不一，但整體而言，全球男性護理人員比率持續成長；至於我國情形，則男性護理人員的比率仍偏低（0.79％）。 3.國內外文獻雖顯示專業承諾、職場壓力與工作滿意度會影響護理人員之工作意願與留任情形，但少有文獻針對男性護理人員進行探討。4.文獻回顧結果顯示過網針對男性護理人員的研究多為零星、片斷、小樣本的探討及論述，立論不足，且缺乏整體性的結果呈現。二、調查並分析我國男性接受護理教育現況的部份1.我國男性接受護理教育的比率呈逐年緩步增加趨勢，此比率由民國74年的0.41%上升到97年的4.91%。各校招收男護生的主因，除了教育政策解禁外，還包括兩性平權觀念的落實和臨床工作上的需求。2.男性在護理專業求學過程中面臨的壓力程度屬中低程度，其中以來自病患及其家人與社會和媒體的壓力較高。3.影響男性持續就讀護理直到畢業與否的原因為「家中有人從事護理」、「在學成績滿意度」與「專業承諾」以及「壓力」，羅吉斯回歸分析(logistic regression)及ROC Curve分析顯示其預測效度為81.5％。4.近八成(79.5％）的男性護理畢業生表示未來進入職場時，願意投入護理工作。三、完成男性護理人員執業現況的全國性調查與分析1.至98年12月為止，男性護理人員執業人數佔總執業人口的0.79％；平均年齡為30.95歲；近七成（69.5％）具有學士及學士以上的學歷；護理工作年資平均為5.87 年；在地區醫院以上層級的醫療院所服務者佔96.1%；執業科別依序主要為急重症單位（32.2%）、手術室（24.7%）和精神科（16.4%）。2.在職涯規劃上，未來五年內，有55.2%的受試者可能繼續留在臨床從事護理工作。表示願意做到退休者有九分之一（11.1%）。3.對男性護理人員而言，工作壓力呈中低程度，壓力源主來自於工作負荷、缺乏支持和瀕死照護。整體工作滿意度亦屬中等，其中以對專業地位的滿意度最高，對薪資的滿意度最低。4.從生態系統理論觀點分析發現：專業承諾（包括情感性、規範性、持續性）、護理年資是預測男性護理人員未來五年仍會留在臨床護理工作的主要因子，共可解釋23.3%的總體變異量。5.將本研究結果與國內外相關文獻進行性別比較分析發現：整體來說，我國男性護理人員較女性護理人員年輕、平均服務年資較短、護理教育程度較高、採全職工作方式的比率較高；但兩性之工作壓力與工作滿意度則並顯著的差異。四、調查分析國內醫療院所男性護理人員人數之需求1.國內地區醫院以上護理主管對聘任男性護理人員的看法上，高達九成的主管願意聘用男護士，顯示醫院普遍願意聘用男性護理人員。2.在醫院理想男護士的比例上，12.2％主管認為不應有預設的比例，超過八成的護理主管對醫院男護士理想比例提出具體建議，平均值為11.32％（SD＝11.04％）。3.以各醫院理想男護士百分比推估出全國地區以上醫院對男性護理人員之淨需求為8,660人；全國各界對男性護理人員的需求約為9,473人。需求仍少於供給。;As society and consumers’ health needs change, nursing profession has recruited male nurses for a period of time. Due to most of previous studies are limited to partial, restricted, and small size; we need explore male nurses’ working condition and professional development from a systematic, comprehensive, and global view. This is a one-year study to reviewing and exploring male nurses’ working condition. Major findings are as follows which describe according to research purposes:1.Systematic reviewing literatures regarding the incentive, working analysis, professional commitment, job stress, job satisfaction, future career development, and educational background of male nurses.(1)The motivations of men to enter nursing were: want to help others, like people, and work security in most countries, whereas in Taiwan, were postpone the military service and easy to find a job.(2)The percentage of male nurses was different from country to country. In general, the percentage increased gradually. Compare to other countries, Men remain the minority in nursing in Taiwan.(3)Professional commitment, job stress and job satisfaction were significant factors affect nurses retention. However, little research is focus on this issue regarding male nurses..(4)The results of literature review revealed that most of previous studies are limited to partial, restricted, and small size and need more systematic research.2.Completing the national survey of nursing education of male nurses.(1)In Taiwan, the percentage of men in nursing education has gradually increased, from the 0.41% in 1985 to 4.91% in 2008. The reasons of recruiting men into nursing education were the educational policies, gender equality, and needs in clinical practice.(2)Male students perceived low to moderate degree of stress during nursing education, especially from from patients and their families and media and society(3)Major reasons keep men studying nursing till graduates were “someone doing nursing in his family”, satisfied with the GPA, “professional commitment”, and “perceived stress” and it was accounting for 81.5% of the variance in this study.(4)79.5% male students were willing to enter nursing workforce. 3.Completing the national survey of working condition of male nurses.(1)Male nurses constitute of 0.79% of the nurses. In our study, their average age was 30.95 years old; most were Bachelor degree prepared; tenure in nursing job were 5.87 years in average; and 96.1% worked in regional hospitals or above. Major specialties were acute or critical care, peri-operative care, and psychiatric nursing. (2)There are 55.3% of the subjects plan to remain in nursing profession in the future five years and 11.1% want to work as a nurse until retirement.Male students perceived low to moderate degree of stress during nursing education, especially from from patients and their families and media and society(3)Job stress of male nursesperceived are median to low level. The major resources of male nurses were working load, followed by deficent support and care of dying patient. As to job satisfaction , male nurses perceived median level. The greatest source of job satisfaction was professional position, and the lowest sourcewas salary. (4)Professional commitment, nursing tenture was the factors to have a statistically significant direct influence on intention to stay of male nurses in future five years, and accounting for 23.3% of the variance in this study.(5)In gender analysis, male nurses were younger than female, with less tenure, higher educational level and more men worked full time than female.4.Investigating and analyze the needs and supply of male nurses (1)Nearly 90% nursing managers in our study were willing to recruit male nurses.(2)12.2% nursing managers indicated the ideal ratio of male nurse in hospital was unnecessary. More than 80% nursing managers suggested the the ideal ration of male nurse in hospital and the average is 11.32%. (3)As estimated by nurse managers’ suggestion, 9,473 male nurses were needed by hospital. The supply is still far less than demand.
計畫摘要
：
隨著社會觀念及醫療需求的演變，男性加入護理專業已有一段歷史。過去研究多採片段、零星與小樣本進行研究；故需系統性、整體性與宏觀性的觀點去探討男性護理人員的工作現況及專業發展。本研究為一年型計畫，主在調查我國男性護理人員工作現況，主要發現依研究目的陳述如下：一、統整國外各國吸引男性成為護理人員的誘因、職場分析、專業承諾、職場壓力、工作滿意度、未來職業發展及其護理教育背景。而本研究之主要發現為：1.國外男性選擇護理多是因為：護理是個助人的事業、喜歡與人接觸、有較多的工作機會及具有較高的收入；國內早期是暫緩兵役及找工作容易；本研究結果則是：工作穩定、對護理有興趣和易找工作。2.職場分析顯示，各國男性護理人員比率不一，但整體而言，全球男性護理人員比率持續成長；至於我國情形，則男性護理人員的比率仍偏低（0.79％）。 3.國內外文獻雖顯示專業承諾、職場壓力與工作滿意度會影響護理人員之工作意願與留任情形，但少有文獻針對男性護理人員進行探討。4.文獻回顧結果顯示過網針對男性護理人員的研究多為零星、片斷、小樣本的探討及論述，立論不足，且缺乏整體性的結果呈現。二、調查並分析我國男性接受護理教育現況的部份1.我國男性接受護理教育的比率呈逐年緩步增加趨勢，此比率由民國74年的0.41%上升到97年的4.91%。各校招收男護生的主因，除了教育政策解禁外，還包括兩性平權觀念的落實和臨床工作上的需求。2.男性在護理專業求學過程中面臨的壓力程度屬中低程度，其中以來自病患及其家人與社會和媒體的壓力較高。3.影響男性持續就讀護理直到畢業與否的原因為「家中有人從事護理」、「在學成績滿意度」與「專業承諾」以及「壓力」，羅吉斯回歸分析(logistic regression)及ROC Curve分析顯示其預測效度為81.5％。4.近八成(79.5％）的男性護理畢業生表示未來進入職場時，願意投入護理工作。三、完成男性護理人員執業現況的全國性調查與分析1.至98年12月為止，男性護理人員執業人數佔總執業人口的0.79％；平均年齡為30.95歲；近七成（69.5％）具有學士及學士以上的學歷；護理工作年資平均為5.87 年；在地區醫院以上層級的醫療院所服務者佔96.1%；執業科別依序主要為急重症單位（32.2%）、手術室（24.7%）和精神科（16.4%）。2.在職涯規劃上，未來五年內，有55.2%的受試者可能繼續留在臨床從事護理工作。表示願意做到退休者有九分之一（11.1%）。3.對男性護理人員而言，工作壓力呈中低程度，壓力源主來自於工作負荷、缺乏支持和瀕死照護。整體工作滿意度亦屬中等，其中以對專業地位的滿意度最高，對薪資的滿意度最低。4.從生態系統理論觀點分析發現：專業承諾（包括情感性、規範性、持續性）、護理年資是預測男性護理人員未來五年仍會留在臨床護理工作的主要因子，共可解釋23.3%的總體變異量。5.將本研究結果與國內外相關文獻進行性別比較分析發現：整體來說，我國男性護理人員較女性護理人員年輕、平均服務年資較短、護理教育程度較高、採全職工作方式的比率較高；但兩性之工作壓力與工作滿意度則並顯著的差異。四、調查分析國內醫療院所男性護理人員人數之需求1.國內地區醫院以上護理主管對聘任男性護理人員的看法上，高達九成的主管願意聘用男護士，顯示醫院普遍願意聘用男性護理人員。2.在醫院理想男護士的比例上，12.2％主管認為不應有預設的比例，超過八成的護理主管對醫院男護士理想比例提出具體建議，平均值為11.32％（SD＝11.04％）。3.以各醫院理想男護士百分比推估出全國地區以上醫院對男性護理人員之淨需求為8,660人；全國各界對男性護理人員的需求約為9,473人。需求仍少於供給。;As society and consumers’ health needs change, nursing profession has recruited male nurses for a period of time. Due to most of previous studies are limited to partial, restricted, and small size; we need explore male nurses’ working condition and professional development from a systematic, comprehensive, and global view. This is a one-year study to reviewing and exploring male nurses’ working condition. Major findings are as follows which describe according to research purposes:1.Systematic reviewing literatures regarding the incentive, working analysis, professional commitment, job stress, job satisfaction, future career development, and educational background of male nurses.(1)The motivations of men to enter nursing were: want to help others, like people, and work security in most countries, whereas in Taiwan, were postpone the military service and easy to find a job.(2)The percentage of male nurses was different from country to country. In general, the percentage increased gradually. Compare to other countries, Men remain the minority in nursing in Taiwan.(3)Professional commitment, job stress and job satisfaction were significant factors affect nurses retention. However, little research is focus on this issue regarding male nurses..(4)The results of literature review revealed that most of previous studies are limited to partial, restricted, and small size and need more systematic research.2.Completing the national survey of nursing education of male nurses.(1)In Taiwan, the percentage of men in nursing education has gradually increased, from the 0.41% in 1985 to 4.91% in 2008. The reasons of recruiting men into nursing education were the educational policies, gender equality, and needs in clinical practice.(2)Male students perceived low to moderate degree of stress during nursing education, especially from from patients and their families and media and society(3)Major reasons keep men studying nursing till graduates were “someone doing nursing in his family”, satisfied with the GPA, “professional commitment”, and “perceived stress” and it was accounting for 81.5% of the variance in this study.(4)79.5% male students were willing to enter nursing workforce. 3.Completing the national survey of working condition of male nurses.(1)Male nurses constitute of 0.79% of the nurses. In our study, their average age was 30.95 years old; most were Bachelor degree prepared; tenure in nursing job were 5.87 years in average; and 96.1% worked in regional hospitals or above. Major specialties were acute or critical care, peri-operative care, and psychiatric nursing. (2)There are 55.3% of the subjects plan to remain in nursing profession in the future five years and 11.1% want to work as a nurse until retirement.Male students perceived low to moderate degree of stress during nursing education, especially from from patients and their families and media and society(3)Job stress of male nursesperceived are median to low level. The major resources of male nurses were working load, followed by deficent support and care of dying patient. As to job satisfaction , male nurses perceived median level. The greatest source of job satisfaction was professional position, and the lowest sourcewas salary. (4)Professional commitment, nursing tenture was the factors to have a statistically significant direct influence on intention to stay of male nurses in future five years, and accounting for 23.3% of the variance in this study.(5)In gender analysis, male nurses were younger than female, with less tenure, higher educational level and more men worked full time than female.4.Investigating and analyze the needs and supply of male nurses (1)Nearly 90% nursing managers in our study were willing to recruit male nurses.(2)12.2% nursing managers indicated the ideal ratio of male nurse in hospital was unnecessary. More than 80% nursing managers suggested the the ideal ration of male nurse in hospital and the average is 11.32%. (3)As estimated by nurse managers’ suggestion, 9,473 male nurses were needed by hospital. The supply is still far less than demand.